Kusiyana pakati pa Kugawa, Kugawa kwa Hydrogenation ndi Kugawa Mafuta ndi Mafuta.

Kusiyana pakati pa Kugawa, Kugawa kwa Hydrogenation ndi Kugawa Mafuta ndi Mafuta.

Kugawa magawo, hydrogenation, ndi esterification ndi njira zitatu zofunika kwambiri zosinthira mphamvu zakuthupi ndi zamakemikolo za mafuta ndi mafuta kuti akwaniritse zosowa zosiyanasiyana za makampani azakudya. Kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pawo kuli m'mfundo zosiyana zomwe amagwiritsa ntchito kusintha mphamvu za mafuta ndi mafuta. Pansipa, tikuwonetsa kufananiza bwino kwa kusiyana kwawo kudzera patebulo ndi kufotokozera mwatsatanetsatane.

Chidule cha Kusiyana Kwakukulu

Katundu	Kugawa magawo	Kuchuluka kwa hydrogenation	Kukhazikika kwa Ester
Chilengedwe	Kusintha kwa thupi	Kusintha kwa mankhwala	Kusintha kwa mankhwala
Mfundo yaikulu	Kulekanitsidwa kutengera kusiyana kwa ma triglycerides osiyanasiyana kudzera mu kuzizira, kupangika kwa makristalo, ndi kusefa.	Kuonjezera haidrojeni ku ma bond awiri a unsaturated fatty acids pansi pa ntchito ya chothandizira.	Kukonzanso mafuta acids pa msana wa glycerol mwachisawawa kapena molunjika motsogozedwa ndi chothandizira kapena enzyme.
Cholinga	Kugawa mafuta kukhala magawo a stearin (high-melting-point) ndi low-melting-point (olein).	Kuonjezera kutentha kwa mafuta kuti asinthe kuchoka pamadzimadzi kupita ku zinthu zolimba kapena zosasunthika; kuonjezera kukhazikika kwa okosijeni.	Kusintha mawonekedwe a kristalo ndi pulasitiki ya mafuta popanda kusintha kapangidwe ka mafuta acid.
Zotsatira pa Mafuta Acids	Palibe kusintha kwa kapangidwe ka mankhwala a mafuta acids.	Kusintha kwa kapangidwe ka mankhwala a mafuta acids: unsaturated fatty acids → saturated fatty acids; angapangitse trans fatty acids.	Palibe kusintha kwa kapangidwe ka mankhwala a mafuta acids payokha, koma kusintha kwa momwe amagawidwira pamsana wa glycerol.
Makhalidwe a Zamalonda	Pezani zinthu ziwiri kapena zingapo zomwe zili ndi makhalidwe osiyanasiyana (monga palm olein ndi palm stearin kuchokera ku mafuta a palm).	Pezani mafuta a haidrojeni okhala ndi kapangidwe kolimba komanso kokhazikika bwino.	Pezani mafuta okhala ndi ma curve atsopano osungunuka, monga margarine wopanda mafuta komanso ma shortening.
Kufanizira Kosavuta	Monga kusiya mafuta panja nthawi yozizira, kulekanitsa mafuta amadzimadzi ndi gawo lolimba.	Monga kulimbikitsa mamolekyu osakhazikika kuti akhale "olimba" komanso "okhazikika".	Monga kusakaniza makadi (mafuta acid) kuti mupeze dzanja latsopano (mafuta atsopano).

Kufotokozera Mwatsatanetsatane

1. Kugawa magawo

• Lingaliro lalikulu: Kulekana, osati kusintha.

• Njira: Pang'onopang'ono tenthetsani mafuta kuti asungunuke, kenako muziziritse pang'onopang'ono pa kutentha kwinakwake. Ma triglycerides okhala ndi malo osungunuka kwambiri amayamba kuuma, ndikupanga tinthu tolimba. Ma crystals olimba awa (stearin) amatha kulekanitsidwa ndi mafuta amadzimadzi osakhazikika (olein) kudzera mu kusefa kapena kugawanitsa.

• Zitsanzo za momwe mungagwiritsire ntchito:

o Kugawa mafuta a kanjedza: Iyi ndi njira yodziwika bwino yogwiritsira ntchito ukadaulo wogawa magawo. Mafuta a kanjedza amatha kugawidwa m'magulu kuti apange mafuta a kanjedza (ogwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mafuta ophikira, mafuta okazinga) ndi mafuta a kanjedza (ogwiritsidwa ntchito popanga margarine, mafuta osakaniza, ndi mafuta ophikira).

Kugawa batala: Kumapanga mafuta oyera a batala, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga makeke apamwamba kwambiri.

• Ubwino: Njira yeniyeni yeniyeni, palibe kusintha kwa mankhwala komwe kwachitika, palibe zinthu zotsutsana ndi mankhwala, ndipo mankhwalawa ndi achilengedwe.

2. Kuchuluka kwa haidrojeni

• Lingaliro lalikulu: Onjezani haidrojeni kuti mafuta akhale "olimba" komanso "okhazikika".

• Njira: Pa kutentha kwambiri, kupanikizika kwambiri, komanso pamaso pa chothandizira chachitsulo (nthawi zambiri nickel), mpweya wa haidrojeni umalowetsedwa mu mafuta amadzimadzi. Haidrojeni imawonjezera ma bond awiri mu unyolo wamafuta osakhuta, kuchepetsa kapena kuchotsa ma bond awiri.

o Kuchuluka kwa hydrogenation: Ma bond awiri sakhuta mokwanira, ndipo kuchuluka kwa ma trans fatty acids kumapangidwa panthawiyi. Chifukwa cha zoopsa za ma trans fatty acids pa thanzi, yaletsedwa m'maiko ndi madera ambiri.

o Kuchuluka kwa hydrogenation: Ma bond awiri amakhala odzaza kwambiri, makamaka amapanga mafuta okhuta (stearic acid), opanda mafuta ochulukirapo. Mafuta okhuta kwambiri ndi olimba kwambiri komanso ofooka, ndipo nthawi zambiri amafunika kusakanikirana ndi mafuta amadzimadzi kapena kusinthidwa kudzera mu kusinthana kwa ester kuti asinthe mawonekedwe awo.

• Zitsanzo za momwe mungagwiritsire ntchito:

Kupanga maswiti ndi majarini: Sinthani mafuta a soya amadzimadzi, mafuta a rapeseed, ndi zina zotero kukhala olimba pang'ono kuti muphike ndi kufalitsa.

Kukonza kukhazikika kwa mafuta: Kuonjezera nthawi yogwiritsira ntchito mafuta okazinga ndi zakudya zokhala ndi mafuta.

• Zoyipa: Zimapanga ma trans fatty acids oopsa (hydrogenation pang'ono) ndipo zimataya ma acids ofunikira.

3. Ester Exchange

• Lingaliro lalikulu: "Kusinthasintha", kusintha kapangidwe ka triglycerides.

• Njira: Pogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala oyambitsa matenda (monga sodium methoxide) kapena lipase, mafuta acid glycerides omwe ali mu mamolekyu amafuta "amasweka", kenako mafuta acid amaphatikizidwanso mwachisawawa kapena molunjika ku msana wa glycerol kuti apange mamolekyu atsopano a triglyceride.

o Kusinthana kwa ma ester mwachisawawa: Mafuta a asidi amasinthidwa mwachisawawa pakati pa mamolekyu onse.

o Kusinthana kwa ester molunjika: Pansi pa mikhalidwe yeniyeni (monga kutentha kolamulidwa), njira yokonzanso imalunjika ku mbali yomwe mukufuna.

• Zitsanzo za momwe mungagwiritsire ntchito:

Kupanga mafuta ochepetsa mafuta ndi margarine opanda mafuta: Iyi ndi njira yofunika kwambiri yamakono yosinthira ma ester. Mwa kusintha ma ester pakati pa stearin yosungunuka bwino (yopanda ma trans acid) ndi mafuta amadzimadzi, mafuta apulasitiki okhala ndi kapangidwe kabwino komanso opanda ma trans fatty acids angapezeke.

o Kukonza kugwirizana kwa zinthu zolowa m'malo mwa batala wa koko.

o Kusintha kapangidwe ka kristalo ka mafuta anyama ndi batala kuti akonze bwino ntchito yawo yophika.

• Ubwino: Zingasinthe kwambiri mawonekedwe a mafuta popanda kupanga ma trans fatty acids, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ikhale njira ina yofunika kwambiri m'malo mwa ukadaulo wa hydrogenation pang'ono.

Ngati mukufuna kugawa mafuta m'zigawo zosiyanasiyana zokhala ndi malo osiyanasiyana osungunuka, gwiritsani ntchito kugawa. Ngati mukufuna kupanga mafuta amadzimadzi kukhala olimba komanso okhazikika, hydrogenation imagwiritsidwa ntchito mwachizolowezi, koma dziwani vuto la ma trans fatty acids. Ngati mukufuna kusintha kuuma, kapangidwe ndi pulasitiki ya mafuta popanda kugwiritsa ntchito hydrogenation, yomwe ingapangitse ma trans fatty acids, ndiye kuti transesterification ndiye chisankho chabwino kwambiri. Mumakampani amafuta amakono, njira zitatuzi nthawi zambiri zimagwirizanitsidwa kuti apange zinthu zogwira ntchito zamafuta zomwe zimakwaniritsa zosowa zosiyanasiyana.