Ukadaulo Wokonza Zinthu Mofupikitsa

Kodi Kufupikitsa ndi Chiyani?

Choyamba, tanthauzo lachidule: Kufupikitsa ndi mafuta olimba opangidwa kuchokera ku mafuta a masamba, mafuta a nyama, kapena kuphatikiza. Ntchito yake yayikulu ndi "kufupikitsa" kapena kuswa ulusi wa gluten mu zakudya zophikidwa, ndikupanga mawonekedwe ofewa komanso osweka (monga, mu crusts ya pie, mabisiketi, ndi ma cookies).

Vuto lalikulu la ukadaulo ndikusintha mafuta amadzimadzi kukhala mafuta okhazikika, olimba pang'ono, apulasitiki. Izi zimachitika kudzera m'njira ziwiri zazikulu:Kuchuluka kwa hydrogenationndiKusangalatsa, otsatidwa ndiKuchepetsa kutentha.

Njira Zopangira Zinthu Zazikulu

Ulendo wochokera ku mafuta osaphika kupita ku kufupikitsa komaliza umaphatikizapo magawo angapo ofunikira:

1. Kusankha ndi Kusakaniza Mafuta

• Cholinga:Kupanga mafuta oyambira osakaniza ndi mawonekedwe a mafuta acid omwe mukufuna kuti chinthu chomaliza chigwire ntchito bwino (malo osungunuka, kuchuluka kwa mafuta olimba, ndi zina zotero).
• Njira:Mafuta osiyanasiyana oyeretsedwa, oyeretsedwa, komanso odetsedwa fungo (RBD) amayesedwa ndikusakanikirana. Mafuta ofala kwambiri ndi monga soya, kanjedza, mbewu ya thonje, canola, ndi mafuta a kanjedza.

2. Kutulutsa mpweya (Njira Yachikhalidwe)

• Cholinga:Kuonjezera malo osungunuka ndi kukhazikika kwa mafuta amadzimadzi powapangitsa kukhala okhuta kwambiri.
• Njira:Mafuta osakaniza amatenthedwa mu reactor yopanikizika pamaso pa nickel catalyst ndi mpweya wa hydrogen.Zindikirani:Njirayi imapangamafuta osinthika, zomwe tsopano zikulamulidwa kwambiri ndipo sizikukondedwa chifukwa cha nkhawa zaumoyo. Izi zapangitsa kuti pakhale njira zina zamakono.
  • Maatomu a haidrojeni amawonjezeredwa ku maunyolo awiri osakhuta mu unyolo wa mafuta acid.
  • Izi zimasintha mafuta amadzimadzi (osaturated) kukhala mafuta olimba pang'ono kapena olimba (mafuta okhuta ndi osinthika).

3. Kusankhana chidwi (Njira Yamakono)

• Cholinga:Kukonzanso mafuta acids pa msana wa glycerol wa mamolekyu a triglyceride popanda kupanga mafuta osinthika. Izi zimathandiza opanga kupanga mafuta okhala ndi mphamvu yoyenera yosungunula ndi kupangitsa makristalo kuchokera ku mafuta osakaniza.
• Njira:Zotsatira:Maziko ochepetsera mafuta opanda trans omwe ali ndi mphamvu zabwino kwambiri zogwirira ntchito.
  • Mankhwala a IE:Amagwiritsa ntchito sodium methoxide catalyst kuti aswe ndikusonkhanitsanso mafuta acids mwachisawawa.
  • Enzymatic IE:Amagwiritsa ntchito ma enzyme enaake (monga lipases) ngati chothandizira. Izi ndi zolondola kwambiri ndipo zimathandiza kuti pakhale kusintha kwapadera koma ndizokwera mtengo kwambiri.

4. Kusakaniza ndi Kusakaniza

• Mafuta olimba amasakanizidwa ndi mafuta amadzimadzi kuti akwaniritse Solid Fat Index (SFI) yofunikira - muyeso wa kuuma pa kutentha kosiyanasiyana.
• Ma emulsifiers (monga monoglycerides, lecithin) amawonjezedwa kuti akonze kapangidwe kake, kuchuluka kwake, komanso nthawi yosungiramo zinthu zomwe zaphikidwa.

5. Kuziziritsa ndi Kulimbitsa (Kuzizira ndi Kukonza Makristalo)

Iyi ndi sitepe yofunika kwambiri popanga kapangidwe komaliza ndi "kufalikira" kwa chofupikitsacho.

• Njira:Mafuta osungunukawo amapopedwa kudzera muWovotakapena chosinthira kutentha chokwezedwa pamwamba (SSHE).
  • Chipinda (Chiller):Mafuta amaziziritsidwa mwachangu akapanikizika kwambiri komanso kugwedezeka. Izi zimathandiza kuti pakhale makhiristo ambiri ang'onoang'ono a beta-prime (β'), omwe ndi abwino kwambiri kuti apangidwe bwino, osalala, komanso opangidwa ndi pulasitiki.
  • B Unit (Temperer):Mafuta ozizira amaikidwa mu pin-worker kapena chubu chofewa. Izi zimakanda mafuta opangitsa kuti makristalo apangidwe bwino ndikuletsa makristalo akuluakulu a beta (β).

6. Kutenthetsa ndi Kuyika

• Chokometsera chotentha komanso chokometsera chimayikidwa m'matumba (m'mabafa, ma cubes, kapena m'zidebe zazikulu).
• Chophimba chotsekedwacho chimayikidwa m'nyumba zosungiramo zinthu zotenthetsera (zipinda zotenthetsera) kwa maola 24-72.
• Cholinga cha Kuchepetsa Kulemera:Izi zimathandiza kuti kapangidwe ka kristalo kakhale kokhazikika mokwanira mu mawonekedwe a β' omwe mukufuna, kuonetsetsa kuti kapangidwe kake kamakhala kosalala komanso kokhazikika.

7. Kusunga ndi Kutumiza

• Chofewa chofewa chimasungidwa ndikutumizidwa pansi pa kutentha koyenera kuti chikhalebe chabwino komanso cholimba.

Malingaliro Ofunika a Ukadaulo

• Kusungunuka:Kapangidwe kamene kamalola kuti kufupikitsa kufalikira ndi kusakanikirana mosavuta. Zimatengera kukhala ndi kusakaniza kwa makhiristo olimba ndi mafuta amadzimadzi mkati mwa kutentha kwina ("pulasitiki").
• Kapangidwe ka Crystal:Mtundu wa kristalo wamafuta ndi wofunikira kwambiri.Chiŵerengero cha Mafuta Olimba (SFI):Mzere wozungulira womwe umayesa kuchuluka kwa mafuta olimba mu mzere wofupikitsa pa kutentha kosiyanasiyana. Ndi chida chachikulu chodziwira momwe mzere wofupikitsa umagwirira ntchito pa ntchito inayake (monga, mzere wofupikitsa wa pie crust ndi mzere wofupikitsa wa icing uli ndi mizere yosiyana kwambiri ya SFI).
  • Makristalo a Beta-Prime (β'):Makhiristo ang'onoang'ono, ofanana ndi singano omwe amapanga ukonde wabwino wokhoza kusunga mafuta ambiri amadzimadzi. Izi zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zosalala, zonona, komanso zapulasitiki kwambiri.Iyi ndi fomu yomwe mukufuna.
  • Makristalo a Beta (β):Makhiristo akuluakulu, osalala, komanso a tinthu tating'onoting'ono omwe amachititsa kuti mafuta azikhala osalala, ofooka, komanso osapangidwa ndi pulasitiki (monga, kuchuluka kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono mu batala wakale).

Chidule cha Kuyenda kwa Mafupikitsidwe Amakono

Kusintha kwa Ukadaulo

Chizolowezichi chikuchoka kwambiri pakusintha kwa haidrojeni(chifukwa cha kuletsa mafuta opangidwa ndi trans) ndi ku:

1. Kusangalatsa(mankhwala ndi ma enzyme).
2. Kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta achilengedwe monga mafuta osakaniza ndi ...Mafuta a kanjedzandi zigawo zake (monga palm olein, palm stearin), nthawi zambiri zimasakanizidwa ndi mafuta ena amadzimadzi okhazikika monga mafuta a mpendadzuwa okhala ndi mafuta ambiri kapena mafuta a canola.
3. Hydrogenation Yonse:Kupaka mafuta ndi hydrogenation kwathunthu (komwe kumapanga stearine yodzaza bwino, yopanda mafuta) kenako n’kusakaniza ndi mafuta amadzimadzi. Izi n’zosiyana ndi hydrogenation yochepa, yomwe imapanga mafuta a trans.

Cholinga cha ukadaulo wamakono wofupikitsa zinthu ndikupeza mphamvu zabwino kwambiri zophikira ndi kukazinga.popandakugwiritsa ntchito mafuta opangidwa ndi trans.