特种油脂应用范围及发展前景的可研报告
Lipoti la kuthekera kogwiritsa ntchito ndi kuthekera kopanga mafuta apadera ndi mafuta
第一节特种油脂的简介
特种油脂人造奶油从发明至今已有一百多年的历史。奶油供应不足,法国拿破仑三世悬赏招募,号召制造奶油的代用品。法国化孅安安恶。 869年制成的奶油油获法国、英国专利。由于這种新产品的组成、外观都与奶油十刼,油十刼,為“人造奶油”,它还有一名“麦淇淋”,是英文“Margarine”的音译。(可研报告)
Gawo 1 Chiyambi cha mafuta apadera ndi mafuta
Mafuta apadera monga margarine, ali ndi mbiri yakale ya zaka zoposa zana kuchokera pamene anapangidwa. Kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1800, panthawi ya nkhondo ya Franco-Prussia, Napoleon III wa ku France adapereka mwayi wopeza mafuta olowa m'malo mwa kirimu yomwe inali yosowa ku Europe. Meggie, katswiri wa zamankhwala waku France. Mafuta a kirimu opangidwa ndi Mullis mu 1869 adapatsidwa patent ku France ndi England. Popeza chinthu chatsopanochi chimafanana ndi batala m'mapangidwe ake ndi mawonekedwe ake, chimatchedwa "Margarine," komanso "margarine," yomwe ndi tanthauzo la mawu achingerezi a margarine. (Lipoti la kafukufuku wotheka)
第二节特种油脂的生产工艺
Gawo 2 Ukadaulo wopanga mafuta apadera ndi mafuta
(一)生产工艺 Tchati chamayendedwe opangira
1.人造奶油生产工艺 Njira ya margarine
油相+水相→乳化→巴氏杀菌→急冷→捏合→人造奶油
Gawo la mafuta + gawo la madzi→Kusakaniza→Kupaka Pasteurizing→Kuzimitsa→Kukanda→Margarine
2.起酥油生产工艺 Njira yakufupikitsa
基料油→(乳化)→急冷→捏合→起酥油
Mafuta oyambira→Kusakaniza→Kuzimitsa→Kukanda→Kufupikitsa
3.代可脂生产工艺 Njira ya batala wa koko
氢化基料油→急冷→捏合→代可可脂
Mafuta oyambira a hydrogenation→Kuzimitsa→Kukanda→Cholowa m'malo mwa batala wa cocoa
乳化罐(人造奶油、起酥油〕、高压泵、急冷机、捏合机、背压阀、休止管(酥皮油).
Thanki yoyeretsera (margarine ndi chofukizira), pampu ya HP, chovotera, makina ozungulira pini, valavu yokakamiza kumbuyo, chubu chopumulira (margarine wa patebulo)
第三节 特种油脂的应用范围Kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta apadera
(一)乳化剂 Emulsifying agent
众所周知油、水是不相活的,而我們的人造奶油是由油和水为主要原料生产的,二者之所以能很好的结合则是乳化剂的乳化作用所致。常用的乳化剂有以下几种:
Monga tonse tikudziwa, mafuta ndi madzi sizisungunuka, ndipo margarine wathu amapangidwa ndi mafuta ndi madzi monga zinthu zazikulu zopangira, ziwirizi zingakhale zabwino kwambiri chifukwa cha emulsifier. Ma emulsifier omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi awa:
1.单甘酯 monoglyceride
单甘酯是目前应用最广泛的乳化剂,是由甘油和油脂反应制得。产品有粉状、颗粒状或糊状,按其纯度可分為蒸馏单甘酯(纯度40-50%)和未蒸馏单甘酯(纯度90%以上)。不溶于水,可溶于油脂(80℃以上)。贮存注意密封保存。
Monoglyceride ndiye emulsifier yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri, yomwe imakonzedwa ndi momwe glycerol ndi mafuta zimagwirira ntchito. Zopangidwa mu ufa, granular kapena phala, malinga ndi kuyera kwake zitha kugawidwa mu monoglyceride wosungunuka (kuyera 40-50%) ndi monoglyceride wosasungunuka (kuyera kopitilira 90%). Wosasungunuka m'madzi, wosungunuka mu mafuta (oposa 80℃). Sungani chotsekedwa mukasunga.
2.卵磷脂 Lecithin
卵磷脂最初取自蛋黄,但由于其成本高且易腐败,生产用大豆磷脂代用卵由肱脂。大豆是话。胶的副产品,主要成分為卵磷脂、脑磷脂及肌醇磷脂。精制后呈半透明的粘稠液,在空气中或光线照射下迅速变黄,并逐渐成不透明的褐色。不溶于水,有较好的油溶性及乳化性,是良好的天北乳。添加到人造奶油或起酥油中可增强稳定性,增加食品风味,还可防止烹调时溅油、还定,还可防止
Poyamba lecithin idachokera ku mazira a dzira, koma chifukwa cha mtengo wake wokwera komanso wosavuta kuwonongeka, soya lecithin idagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga. Phospholipid ya soya ndi chinthu chochokera ku soya hydration degumming. Zigawo zake zazikulu ndi lecithin, lecithin ndi inositol phospholipid. Madzi owoneka bwino omwe amasanduka achikasu mwachangu mumlengalenga kapena kuwala ndipo amakhala bulauni wosawoneka bwino. Osasungunuka m'madzi, kusungunuka bwino kwa mafuta ndi emulsification, ndi emulsifier yabwino yachilengedwe. Lecithin yowonjezeredwa ku margarine kapena kufupikitsa imatha kulimbitsa kukhazikika, kuwonjezera kukoma kwa chakudya, komanso kupewa kufalikira kwa mafuta panthawi yophika, kusungirako kuyenera kukhala kotsekedwa, kotsekedwa.
3
蔗糖酯是一种高效而安全的表面活性剂,由蔗糖与脂肪酸反应制得,易溶于水,难溪亚,稳定,145℃以上会分解。蔗糖酯与单甘酯并用可作人造奶油的乳化剂,对面包、蛋糕有抗作老。
Sucrose ester ndi mtundu wa surfactant yogwira ntchito komanso yotetezeka, yokonzedwa ndi momwe sucrose ndi mafuta acid zimagwirira ntchito, zimasungunuka m'madzi, koma sizisungunuka mu mafuta, zimakhala zokhazikika pa 120℃, zimawola kuposa 145℃. Sucrose ester ndi monoglyceride zingagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati emulsifier ya margarine, yomwe imaletsa kukalamba pa buledi ndi keke.
4.SPAN(司盘 /失水山梨醇脂肪酸酯Sorbitol fatty acid ester)
失水山梨醇脂肪酸酯是由山梨糖醇与脂肪酸反应制得的一类物质,其中我司常用的有SPAN 60、SPAN65两种。SPAN60熔点52-54℃,酸值5-10,SPAN65则分别是55-57℃、12-15,二者碘值均小于2。加热易溶于油脂。最大特性是对油脂结构有稳定作用,可使急冷后的油脂稳定在β晶体结愚。
Sorbitol fatty acid ester ndi mtundu wa chinthu chomwe chimapangidwa ndi momwe sorbitol ndi fatty acid zimagwirira ntchito, zomwe SPAN60 ndi SPAN65 zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi kampani yathu. SPAN60 imasungunuka ndi 52-54℃, asidi ndi 5-10, ndipo asidi ndi SPAN65 ndi 55-57℃ ndi 12-15 motsatana, ndipo ayodini ndi wochepera 2. Woyera woyera kapena wachikasu, wokhazikika bwino pa kutentha, wovuta kusungunuka m'madzi, wosavuta kusungunuka mu mafuta akatenthedwa. Khalidwe lofunika kwambiri ndikukhazikitsa kapangidwe ka mafuta, komwe kungapangitse mafuta kukhala olimba mu kapangidwe ka β 'kristalo pambuyo pozimitsidwa.
(二) 抗氧化剂 Antioxidant
氧化是导致人造奶油、起酥油品质劣化的重要因素,防止氧化,除了考虑选用原料、加工方法、包装及贮存条件外,还可添加一些安全性高、效果显著的抗氧化剂。抗氧化剂的效果与油脂的种类、精炼程度、FFA的含量、铜铁离子、水分、光线、接触空气及温度有关。我司常用的抗氧化剂如下:
Kuchuluka kwa okosijeni ndi chinthu chofunikira chomwe chimayambitsa kuwonongeka kwa ubwino wa margarine ndi kufupika kwake. Pofuna kupewa kukhuthala kwa okosijeni, kuwonjezera pa kuganizira kusankha zinthu zopangira, njira zopangira, kulongedza ndi kusunga, ma antioxidants ena otetezeka komanso ogwira mtima amathanso kuwonjezeredwa. Zotsatira za ma antioxidants zimadalira mtundu wa mafuta, kuchuluka kwa kuyeretsa, kuchuluka kwa FFA, ma ayoni amkuwa ndi achitsulo, chinyezi, kuwala, kukhudzana ndi mpweya, ndi kutentha. Ma antioxidants athu omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi awa:
1.BHA (丁基羟基茴香醚)
白色或微黄色蜡状结晶粉末,有特异的酚类臭味和刺激性气味,熔点57-65℃,不溶于水,25℃油中溶解度30-40%,热稳定性好,弱碱下不易被破坏,可用与培烤食品,抗菌能力强。BHA和其它抗氧化剂混合使用,或与增效剂柠檬酸并, 抗氧化效果更好。油脂中最 ndalama zambiri 量0.2g/Kg,人造奶油中0.1g/Kg.
Ufa woyera kapena wachikasu ngati kristalo, wokhala ndi fungo lapadera la phenolic ndi fungo lopweteka, malo osungunuka 57-65℃, wosasungunuka m'madzi, 25℃ kusungunuka kwa mafuta 30-40%, kutentha kwabwino, alkali yofooka sikophweka kuwonongedwa, ingagwiritsidwe ntchito ndi chakudya chophika, mphamvu yamphamvu yolimbana ndi mabakiteriya. BHA imagwira ntchito bwino kwambiri ikagwiritsidwa ntchito limodzi ndi ma antioxidants ena kapena ndi citric acid, yomwe ndi synergist. Mlingo wapamwamba kwambiri ndi 0.2g/Kg mu mafuta ndi 0.1g/Kg mu margarine.
2.BHT(丁二基羟基甲苯)
白色结晶或粉末,无味,无臭,熔点69.5-70.5℃,沸点265℃,不溶于水,25℃豆油中可溶30%、棉油中20%,40℃猪油中40%,热稳定性好,具升华性,无BHA的异臭,价格低廉,毒性相对BHA高,抗氧化能力强.油脂中最大用量0.2g/Kg,人造奶油中中文0.1g/Kg, 与BHA、柠檬酸合用以“BHT:BHA:柠檬酸=2:2:1”比例為佳.
Krustalo woyera kapena ufa, wopanda kukoma, wopanda fungo, wosungunuka 69.5-70.5℃, wowira 265℃, wosasungunuka m'madzi, 25℃ mafuta a soya osungunuka 30%, mafuta a thonje 20%, 40℃ mafuta anyama 40%, kutentha kwabwino, sublimation, palibe BHA heteroodor, mtengo wotsika, poizoni poyerekeza ndi BHA high antioxidant ability. Mlingo wapamwamba wa mafuta ndi 0.2g/Kg, margarine ndi 0.1g/Kg, ndipo chiŵerengero cha BHT: BHA: citric acid = 2:2:1 ndiye chabwino kwambiri chikaphatikizidwa ndi BHA ndi citric acid.
3.TBHQ〔特丁基对苯二酚)
一种新型抗氧化剂,抗氧化效果比BHA、BHT好,最大特点Fe离子存在下不着色。TBHQ添加到油中不异臭,油溶性良好,熔点126.5-128.5℃,可单独使用,也可与BHT、BHA混用,油中最大添加量0.02%.
Mtundu watsopano wa antioxidant, mphamvu ya antioxidant ndi yabwino kuposa BHA, BHT, yomwe ndi khalidwe lalikulu la Fe ion popanda utoto. TBHQ sipanga fungo kapena fungo loipa ikawonjezedwa mu mafuta, ndipo mafutawo amasungunuka bwino. Malo osungunuka ndi 126.5-128.5℃. Itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito yokha kapena kusakanikirana ndi BHT ndi BHA, ndipo kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa mafuta omwe amawonjezedwa ndi 0.02%.
(三) 增效剂—柠檬酸 Synergist-citric acid
两种或两种以上抗氧化剂混合使用,或与增效剂并用,往往比单独一种使用效果显种,象称為增效作用。在植物油中使用酚型抗氧化剂,若同时添加柠檬酸,其抗氧化效析密昆高。一般认為柠檬酸能和促进氧化反应的微量金属离子(Cu2+、Fe3+)生成螯合物,从而对促进氧化的金属离子起钝化作用。增效剂的用量一般是酚型抗氧化剂的1/4-1/2.
Kuphatikiza ma antioxidants awiri kapena kuposerapo, kapena synergist, nthawi zambiri kumakhala kothandiza kwambiri kuposa kamodzi kokha, chinthu chodziwika kuti synergism. Ngati citric acid iwonjezeredwa ku mafuta a masamba, mphamvu ya antioxidant ya phenolic antioxidants idzakwera kwambiri. Kawirikawiri amakhulupirira kuti citric acid imatha kupanga ma chelates okhala ndi ma ayoni achitsulo (Cu2+, Fe3+) omwe amalimbikitsa okosijeni, motero amachotsa ma ayoni achitsulo omwe amalimbikitsa okosijeni. Mlingo wa synergist nthawi zambiri umakhala 1/4-1/2 ya womwe uli wa phenolic antioxidant.
(四)防腐剂 Preservative
人造奶油中的水,尤其是水相中的一些物质(如乳清粉),特别容易引起微生物的繁殖和生长。防腐剂则是具有杀死微生物或抑制微生物繁殖的物质.
Madzi omwe ali mu margarine, makamaka zinthu zina zomwe zili m'madzi (monga ufa wa whey), nthawi zambiri zimakhala zosavuta kuberekana ndi kukula kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Zosungira ndi zinthu zomwe zimapha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kapena kuletsa kuberekana kwawo.
1. Mchere
盐既是调味剂又是优良的防腐剂,盐的财存要注意防止受污染和防潮.
Mchere ndi wokometsera komanso wosungira bwino kwambiri. Kusunga mchere kuyenera kusamalidwa mosamala kuti kupewe kuipitsidwa ndi chinyezi.
2. 山梨酸钾 Potaziyamu sorbate
无色或白色鳞片状结晶或粉末,无臭或稍有臭味,在空气中不稳定,可被氧化着色,有吸湿性,易溶于水,对霉菌、酵母及好气性菌均有抑制作用,属酸性防腐剂,宜在PH值5)
Makhiristo kapena ufa wopanda utoto kapena woyera wokhala ndi mamba, wopanda fungo kapena fungo pang'ono, wosakhazikika mumlengalenga, amatha kupakidwa utoto ndi okosijeni, wosasinthasintha, wosungunuka mosavuta m'madzi, umalepheretsa nkhungu, yisiti ndi mabakiteriya a aerostatic, ndi mankhwala osungira asidi, ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito mu PH ya 5-6 pansi pa mulingo woyenera. Samalani kuti musanyowe komanso kutseka mukasunga.
(五)色素 Pigment
1.β-胡萝卜素 Beta carotene
β-胡萝卜素為理想的天然色素,具价格低、有营养、色调稳定等优点。红紫色。至暗红色的结晶粉末,稍有异臭,不溶于水和甘油,难溶于乙醇、丙酮,240℃在植物油中溶解度為0.05-0.10%。β-胡萝卜素对光和氧均不稳定,遇重金属离子(如Fe3+)
β-carotene ndi utoto wachilengedwe wabwino kwambiri, womwe uli ndi ubwino wa mtengo wotsika, zakudya komanso kukhazikika kwa mtundu. Ufa wofiira wa kristalo wofiira mpaka wakuda, fungo loipa pang'ono, wosasungunuka m'madzi ndi glycerol, wosasungunuka mu ethanol, acetone, kusungunuka kwa 0.05-0.10% mu mafuta a masamba pa 240℃. Beta-carotene ndi yosakhazikika ku kuwala ndi mpweya ndipo imakhala yopepuka ikakhala ndi ma ayoni achitsulo cholemera monga Fe3+. Kusungirako kuyenera kuyikidwa pamalo ozizira, ndipo samalani ndi mthunzi, mpweya wopuma.
2.胭脂红 Carmine
红色或深红色粉末,无臭,溶于水呈红色,不溶于油,耐光性、耐酸性好,耐热性,耐热性,耐热菌性差,遇碱变褐色。吸湿性强,宜贮存于干燥、阴凉处,长期保存,应注注意寘密。
Ufa wofiira kapena wakuda, wopanda fungo, wofiira m'madzi, wosasungunuka mu mafuta, wokana kuwala, wokana asidi wabwino, wokana kutentha, wokana kuchepetsa, wokana mabakiteriya, wokana alkali kukhala bulauni. Mphamvu yamphamvu ya hygroscopic, iyenera kusungidwa pamalo ouma, ozizira, osungidwa kwa nthawi yayitali, iyenera kusamalidwa mosamala kuti isatseke, isanyowe, komanso imachepetsa kuwonongeka.
3.柠檬黄 Ndimu yellow
橙黄色粉末,无臭,0.1%水溶液呈黄色,不溶于油脂,耐热性、耐酸性, 耐盐性均好,耐氧性、耐碱性差,遇碱变红色。贮存注意事项同胭脂红.
Ufa wachikasu wa lalanje, wopanda fungo, madzi achikasu a 0.1%, osasungunuka mu mafuta, osatentha, osalimba, osalimba ndi mchere, osalimba ndi okosijeni, osalimba ndi alkali, amasanduka ofiira akakhala a alkali. Malangizo osungira ndi ofanana ndi a carmine.
(六) 风味添加剂 Flavour agent
1. Perfume
食用香精是用各种安全性高的香料和稀释剂等调和而成,可分為油溶性和水溶性两大类以外。 , 透明液存在,但以精炼植物油为稀释剂的油溶性香精低温时挥发性,走存时要注意置于阴凉处(10-30℃為宜),并注意防晒、防潮、防岁处。不宜继续責存,最好尽量用完。热敏性物料,使用时注意投入时间,并要注意使其在中均料。
Kukoma kwa chakudya kumapangidwa ndi zonunkhira zosiyanasiyana ndi zosungunulira zomwe zimakhala zotetezeka kwambiri, zomwe zingagawidwe m'magulu awiri: zosungunuka ndi mafuta ndi zosungunuka m'madzi. Zambiri mwa izo zimapezeka mumadzi owoneka bwino komanso owonekera, koma mafuta osungunuka ndi mafuta a masamba oyengedwa ngati zosungunulira amaundana kutentha kochepa. Zokometsera zonse zimakhala ndi kusinthasintha kwina, kusungirako kuyenera kusamalidwa kuti kuikidwe pamalo ozizira (10-30℃ ndikoyenera), ndikuyang'anirani kutetezedwa ndi dzuwa, kukana chinyezi, kupewa moto. Kukoma mukatsegula, sikuyenera kupitiliza kusungidwa, ndi bwino kugwiritsa ntchito. Tenthetsani zinthu zokhudzidwa, samalani nthawi yolowera, ndikuyang'anirani kuti zigawidwe mofanana muzinthuzo.
2. Mchere
如前所述盐既是防腐剂,又是风味调节剂。其既具有防腐作用,又具有使奶油具有咸味.脂的熔点较低,食盐添加量少;夏季原料油脂的熔点较高,食盐添加量较多。食盐的贮存要注意防潮。
Monga tanenera kale, mchere ndi woteteza komanso wowongolera kukoma. Uli ndi ntchito yoteteza, komanso umapangitsa kirimu kukhala chamchere. M'nyengo yozizira, mafuta osaphika amakhala ochepa ndipo mchere wowonjezeredwa umakhala wochepa. M'chilimwe, mafuta osaphika amakhala ambiri ndipo mchere umakhala wochuluka. Mchere uyenera kusungidwa kuti usanyowe.
3.乳清粉 Nkhungu
在人造奶油中添加乳清粉是為了增加其风味性。乳清粉的主要成分是蛋白质,其其余有一定条件下易变性且不可逆的特性,在贖存和使用中要尤其注意。具体影响因素如下:
Ufa wa whey umawonjezeredwa ku margarine kuti uwonjezere kukoma kwake. Gawo lalikulu la ufa wa whey ndi mapuloteni, omwe amatha kusinthika komanso osasinthika pansi pa mikhalidwe ina. Chisamaliro chapadera chiyenera kuperekedwa pakusunga ndikugwiritsa ntchito. Zinthu zina zomwe zimakhudza izi ndi izi:
(1)化学因素:酸、碱、有机溶剂、重金属盐类、表面活性剂等。
(2)物理因素:加热(高温)、紫外线、超声波、强烈的搅拌、振荡、挤压、各种射。
(1) Zinthu zokhudzana ndi mankhwala: asidi, maziko, zosungunulira zachilengedwe, mchere wa heavy metal, ma surfactants, ndi zina zotero.
(2) Zinthu zakuthupi: kutentha (kutentha kwambiri), ultraviolet, ultrasound, kugwedezeka kwambiri, kugwedezeka, kutulutsa, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya kuwala.
4
乳脂是天然的奶油,為了增加人造奶油的营养和风味而添加。低温、阴凉、干燥处存放。
Butterfat ndi kirimu wachilengedwe, wowonjezeredwa kuti uwonjezere zakudya ndi kukoma kwa margarine. Sungani pamalo ozizira, ozizira komanso ouma.
(七)消泡剂――乳化硅油 Deformer-Silicone emulsion
在食品煎炸生产中,有时会产生大量的泡沫,若不及时消泡,则油或泡沫会从容器中溢,作,甚至造成生产事故。我司生产的“KFC”煎炸油中添加乳化硅油,就是利用了它的消泡作用.
乳化硅油为乳白色油状液体,其粘度受温度影响不大,不燈,在空气中不挥发、性质稳定,无毒,无臭,可溶于水.
Pakupanga kukazinga chakudya, nthawi zina pamakhala thovu lochuluka, ngati silikuchotsedwa mu chidebecho nthawi yake, mafuta kapena thovulo limasefukira kuchokera mu chidebecho, kulepheretsa ntchito, komanso kuyambitsa ngozi zopanga. Mafuta a silicone opangidwa ndi emulsified amawonjezedwa ku mafuta okazinga a "KFC" opangidwa ndi kampani yathu, omwe amagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu yake yochotsera poizoni.
Mafuta a silicone opangidwa ndi emulsified ndi mafuta oyera ngati mkaka, kukhuthala kwake sikukhudzidwa ndi kutentha, sikuyaka moto, sikusinthasintha mpweya, ndi olimba, si poizoni, sinunkha, ndipo amasungunuka m'madzi.
第四节 特种油脂行业的发展前景 Chitukuko cha mafakitale apadera amafuta
我国特种油品市场发展迅速,为与汽车配套使用的消费品,润滑油已经逐步转变為普通消费用品。现在随着机械化水平的提高,润滑油行业发展也随之兴起。机械化的程度越高,润滑油的使用率就越高,前景一片光明,润滑油产业市场发展将趋稳增长.
我国特种油品行业需发挥雄厚科研技术力量优势,把握国际发展趋势,不断完善相关特种油品相关标准,例如我国电力行业很少执行SH0040-91超高压变压器油标准,大部分采用符合国际标准的进口油。我国特种油品企业将会面對广阔的市场需求,迎來更好的机遇.
Msika wapadera wamafuta ukukula mofulumira. Pazinthu zomwe anthu amagwiritsa ntchito ndi magalimoto, mafuta opaka mafuta pang'onopang'ono asinthidwa kukhala zinthu zomwe anthu amagwiritsa ntchito. Tsopano chifukwa cha kusintha kwa makina, chitukuko cha mafakitale opaka mafuta chikukweranso. Kuchuluka kwa makina, kuchuluka kwa mafuta opaka mafuta, chiyembekezo chimakhala chowala, kukula kwa msika wamafuta opaka mafuta kudzakhala kokhazikika.
Makampani apadera amafuta ku China ayenera kugwiritsa ntchito bwino ubwino wa kafukufuku wamphamvu wasayansi ndi ukadaulo, kumvetsetsa momwe chitukuko cha mayiko chikupitira patsogolo, ndikupititsa patsogolo miyezo yoyenera ya zinthu zapadera zamafuta. Mwachitsanzo, makampani opanga magetsi ku China nthawi zambiri sagwiritsa ntchito miyezo yamafuta a SH0040-91 ultra-high voltage transformer, ndipo ambiri a iwo amagwiritsa ntchito mafuta ochokera kunja omwe akwaniritsa miyezo yapadziko lonse. Makampani apadera amafuta aku China adzakumana ndi kufunikira kwakukulu pamsika ndikubweretsa mwayi wabwino.
Nthawi yotumizira: Disembala-25-2022


